Which of the following are types of courts martial?

The correct choice identifies the three types of courts-martial recognized within the military justice system: summary, special, and general courts-martial.

Summary courts-martial are designed to handle minor offenses and can be convened quickly, allowing for an efficient process for less serious violations of military law. Special courts-martial deal with more serious offenses but still provide a simplified process and can involve a smaller panel of judges. General courts-martial are convened for the most serious offenses, allowing for significant penalties, including confinement and discharge from service.

In contrast, the other choices either misclassify the types or introduce non-related concepts. For instance, 'general summary' conflates categories without reflecting the actual classifications used in the military justice system, while 'appeals' are procedural mechanisms rather than types of courts-martial. Additionally, referencing 'military, civilian, and non-military' crosses into a broader legal framework that does not correctly categorize courts-martial, which specifically pertain to military personnel and their conduct. Therefore, choice C accurately represents the established framework for courts-martial within military law.