Which ancient military system has had the most influence on modern military doctrine?

The Roman military system is recognized for its profound influence on modern military doctrine due to its innovative organizational structure, tactical strategies, and logistical capabilities. The Romans established a highly disciplined, professional army that emphasized the importance of training, hierarchy, and strategy. Their use of legions—smaller, more flexible units—allowed for effective maneuvering on the battlefield, which can be seen reflected in current military practices that prioritize adaptability and strategic positioning.

Furthermore, the Romans introduced concepts such as the use of fortifications, supply chains, and military engineering, all of which remain critical in contemporary warfare. Their emphasis on the integration of various combat branches—infantry, cavalry, and siege equipment—also laid the groundwork for modern combined arms operations. Through both direct military engagements and the spread of Roman culture and governance, the Roman system established foundational principles that modern armies still adapt and apply today.

In comparison, while the Greek military, particularly the phalanx formation, was influential in its time, and Spartan military culture is often noted for its discipline and training, neither had the comprehensive impact across various military doctrines that the Roman system achieved. The Ming military, though notable in its own rights, did not influence Western military doctrine to the same extent as the Romans.